Definition and Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences

In English grammar, a compound-complex sentence is a  sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Also known as a  complex-compound sentence. The compound-complex sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The other structures are the simple sentence, the compound sentence, and the complex sentence. Examples and Observations The compound-complex sentence is so named because it shares the characteristics of both compound and complex sentences. Like the compound sentence, the compound-complex has two main clauses. Like the complex sentence, it has at least one subordinate clause. The subordinate clause can be part of an independent clause.(Random House Websters Pocket Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, 2007)His blue eyes were light, bright and sparkling behind half-mooned spectacles, and his nose was very long and crooked, as though it had been broken at least twice.(J.K. Rowling,  Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Scholastic, 1998)The door of the morning room was open as I went through the hall, and I caught a glimpse of Uncle Tom messing about with his collection of old silver.(P.G. Wodehouse, The Code of the Woosters, 1938)All of us are egotists to some extent, but most of us—unlike the jerk—are perfectly and horribly aware of it when we make asses of ourselves. (Sidney J. Harris, A Je rk, 1961)Those are my principles, and if you dont like them . . . well, I have others.(Groucho Marx)The Druids used mistletoe in ceremonies of human sacrifice, but most of all the evergreen became a symbol of fertility because it flourished in winter when other plants withered. (Sian Ellis, Englands Ancient Special Twig. British Heritage, January 2001)We operate under a jury system in this country, and as much as we complain about it, we have to admit that we know of no better system, except possibly flipping a coin.(Dave Barry, Dave Barrys Guide to Marriage and/or Sex, 1987)She gave me another of those long keen looks, and I could see that she was again asking herself if her favourite nephew wasnt steeped to the tonsils in the juice of the grape. (P.G. Wodehouse, Plum Pie, 1966)In America everybody is of the opinion that he has no social superiors, since all men are equal, but he does not admit that he has no social inferiors, for, from the time of Jefferson onward, the doctrine th at all men are equal applies only upwards, not downwards.(Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, 1930) How,  Why, and When to Use Compound-Complex Sentences The compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. This syntactic shape is essential in representing complex relationships and so is frequently put to use in various forms of analytical writing, especially in academic writing. It is also probably true that the ability to use compound-complex sentences elevates a writers credibility: it demonstrates that he or she can bring together in a single sentence a range of different pieces of information and order them in relationship to each other. This is not to say that the compound-complex sentence invites confusion: on the contrary, when handled carefully, it has the opposite effect—it clarifies the complexity and enables readers to see it clearly.(David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Writing Analytically, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Compound-complex sentences get unwieldy in a hurry. So clear writers minimize their use, generally restricting them to no more than 10 percent of th eir work.But varying the sentence structures in a piece makes it more interesting, and writers who care about rhythm will stray from the simpler forms to mix in compound sentences now and then. (Jack Hart, A Writers Coach: The Complete Guide to Writing Strategies That Work. Anchor, 2006)Compound-complex sentences are  used infrequently in business messages because of their length. (Jules Harcourt et al.,  Business Communication, 3rd ed.  South-Western Educational, 1996) Punctuating Compound-Complex Sentences If a compound or a compound-complex sentence has one or more commas in the first clause, you may want to use a semicolon before the coordinating conjunction between the two clauses. Its purpose is to show the reader very clearly the division between the two independent clauses. (Lee Brandon and  Kelly Brandon,  Sentences, Paragraphs, and Beyond, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2013)For in the end, freedom is a personal and lonely battle;  and one faces down fears of today so that those of tomorrow might be engaged. (Alice Walker, Choosing to Stay at Home Ten Years After the March on Washington, 1973.  In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, 1983)

The Protests Of The Syrian Uprising Essay - 2431 Words

â€Å"Security forces opened fire, killing at least four protesters and within days, the protests grew into rallies that gathered thousands of people.† The killings of these four were ultimately regarded by many as the first deaths of the Syrian uprising. â€Å"The community’s blunt outrage over the children’s arrests and mistreatment, the government’s humiliating and violent reactions to their worries and the people’s refusal to be cowed by security forces embolden and helped spread the Syrian opposition.† This notion demonstrates that the killing of the four protestors was only the first of many deaths to occur continuing into an on-going war that has: â€Å"†¦triggered nationwide protests demanding President Assad’s resignation.† Because of this, the Syrian government decided that in order to handle the issue they must crush this nationwide dissent. This in return only allowed the protestors to push harder for a change w ithin the country of Syria, in hopes of it becoming the wonderful country that it was in the years prior to the war. â€Å"Syria’s conflict has devolved from peaceful protests against the government in 2011 to a violent insurgency that has drawn in numerous other countries.† â€Å"With neither side able to inflict a decisive defeat on the other, the international community long ago concluded that only a political solution could end the conflict in Syria.† It is because of the similar actions that took place within the Palestinian-Israeli conflict that similar issues are beginningShow MoreRelatedConditions Leading the the Uprising the Syria Essay814 Words   |  4 Pages Studies of Syrian politics have traditionally focused on the sectarian, military and economic foundations of the current regime or its opponents. 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Scarce Resources

Question: Discuss about theScarce Resources. Answer: Scarcity of resources implies the presence of fewer resources than what is demanded or needed to fulfill human wants and needs. These resources can be from any source, be it labor, land or capital resources. The problem of scarcity reflects the need to make sustainable economic decisions to manage the availability of resources that are needed for human needs (DEsposito, 2012). In order to obtain scarce resource which is demanded there involves some sort of a trade off implying that all the objectives of the society cannot be achieved altogether, some need to be sacrificed. In the real world the problem of scarcity gives rise to competition for the scare resources. In such cases the determination of the market equilibrium price is a way to allocate the resources which are scarce. If a resource starts becoming scarce then its price rises, which signals the people to substitute the resource with other sources thereby in turn reducing the demand and boosting the supply. (Mildner et al., 2011) Now, we turn towards the resources that are considered to be mostly scarce in different countries around the world. If we consider natural resources, the six scarcest natural resources are water, natural gas, oil, coal, phosphorus and some rare earth elements like scandium and terbium. If we take the example of water, fresh water constitutes 2.5% of the worlds volume of water, out of which 70% is in ice form indicating that demand for water may soon exceed its supply. The oil industry also faces crucial scarcity as BP Statistical Review of World Energy stated that 188.8 million tones is the amount of the total global oil which is just enough for the proceeding 46.2 years if the global production stays at the present rate and same is for natural gas enough to satisfy needs for the next 58 years. Phosphorus is found in a small number of countries and is considered to be the element without which plants cannot live and is predicted to be running out in the next 50 to 100 years (Ruz, 201 1). As the population of the world keeps growing the farmland amount keeps falling short, making it difficult to feed people by growing crops. Having on effect on this scarcity of food is the scarcity of water, which is causing drought making it difficult for farmers to grow food. Deforestation is also directly affecting the scarcity of food resources as the lack of trees is causing an eco-system imbalance which in turn is interfering with the reproduction of wildlife giving birth to invasive species which have more negative effects than positive. If the imbalance of eco-system continues and at a faster rate then it shall cause a mass extinction (Reference.com). China which is the country producing 90% of the earths rare earth metals claims that the mines might run out of metal in the next 15 to 20 years (Nuwer, 2014). It is also stated that out of the total materials extracted (58 billion tones) and used in the year 2005, 43% was accounted for Asia, 13% for Europe and Latin America each and 3% by Australia and Oceana each. (Compass key trends). There are many regions and countries that have specific resources as scarce due to different consequences. For instance, China has a population of 1.3 billion to provide with food, education as well as health care and there is a significant scarcity of the provision of such resources in each of the areas. It is found to have low natural resources to population ratio with water, land as well as energy scarcity. It has 1/3rd of the worlds average per capita fresh water. Chinese also envy US of its abundance of resources with just a quarter of Chinas population and this gives rise to many resource conflicts and competitions between China and US which in turn again creates a scarcity of resources for the world. Education of high quality is also considered as a scarce resource of China with students competing for few best colleges or universities through the tough admission tests they face (Bloomberg.com). Other examples would be, Avian flu of 2012 in Mexico had wiped out millions of chic ken which had created a scarcity of eggs in Mexico that is considered to be its staple diet, water has become scarce in Gujarat of India due to politics revolving around the construction of a dam, in the Gulf Coast oil prices go up when refineries were incapacitated by hurricanes, Alavanyo in Ghana face a food scarcity because of a conflict which prevented individuals to go to their farms, Nigeria floods washed away farmlands creating food scarcity or deforestation in Thailand has resulted in scarcity of wood (Your Dictionary). Looking into the worlds countries suffering the most from water scarcity include United States which experienced recent droughts threatening its GDP growth, India where monsoon floods killed and displaced many, whereas increased water scarcity problem may also impact Chinas energy production. Bahrain, Jamaica, Singapore, Trinidad, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, Sub-Saharan African countries, Egypt, Bangladesh, India, China are some of th e top rankers with water scarcity (Reig et al, 2013). Competition and conflicts between many countries has given rise to price hikes of resources such as disputes over gas between Russia, EU and Ukraine, revolts for food in Haiti, Tunisia, and Algeria, conflict between US and China over export restriction on several metals, etc. There are also inter-state conflicts over water like that between India and Pakistan or in regions of Africa (Mildner et al., 2011). There are also risks and conflicts related to FDI in lands with Madagascar being a well known example. Africa, Zimbabwe, Asia and Central America are some of the top regions that had faced food shortages. Some recyclable resources are aluminum, plastic, steel or jute, paper, asphalt, glass etc. Efficient substitutes can be inexhaustible resources like hydroelectric, wind or solar power or timber (with proper management). Till now the most prevalent substitutes for non-renewable resources in form of renewable resources had been the usage of corn, sugarcane, soya-beans, and also palm oil for producing ethanol or biodiesel to substitute for diesel fuels and gasoline. Ways to fight resource scarcity crisis would be to develop institutions or socio-economic systems which would control continued growth of consumption of such material resources, as well as managing capitalism. Few of various reforms and policies taken by countries to tackle resource scarcity are: South Africa had adopted various reforms and policies to fight its water crisis scenario. It had come up with White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation policy in 1997 which clarified needs of development and managing investments in this sector, leading to $700 million allocation of the state funds into basic sanitation and water development services (Appelgren G). Land reform in Zimbabwe reallocating land from white landowners to black farmers and investments of these farmers on land boosted the rural economy (Appelgren G). There had also been food aid programs from donor regions like Europe, Australia, North America and Japan to the recipient countries like South Asia, West Africa, Mongolia or Afghanistan. US had been one of the largest donors accounting for 50% of total donated in 2008 followed by EU with 20% (British geographer, weebly.com). UN initiatives towards water scarcity include like that of World Water Day 2007 stressing on the significance of water crisis as well as World day to Combat Desertification stressing on water scarcity and drought (UN.org, UNDESA). China is building the South to North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) worth $62 billion considered as one of the largest projects expected to be completed in 2050 helping in linking rivers and diverting water from rivers in the southern region to the arid north. Apart from this it is also trying to manage the demand for water via efficiency and conservation measures spending $612.23 billion towards conservation of water as well as investing in renewable saving water like solar, wind, and sea water cooled nuclear power. Resource scarcity in Arab countries is also fought by initiations of IFAD investing billions in rural and agricultural development focusing on water related activities (IFAD, 2009). Affordable desalination approaches are also adopted by countries like China, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Australia (Drop4drop, 2014). Even if we consider the option for substitutes then in reality in todays world there is a lack of good substitutes present rather it would be more helpful if consumers found new ways of recycling and using resources with efficiency like that of US in 2009 recycled 25% of used computers and TVs (Nuwer, 2014). Hence, even though recycling or search of substitutes do not completely solve the problem of scarce resources, our individual contributions, sacrificing and curbing our unlimited wants, innovations, resolving of conflicts between nations can make us hope to see extension of the limited period for these resources to last. References: Ruz, C, 2011, The six natural resources most drained by our 7 billion people, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2011/oct/31/six-natural-resources-population Reference.com, What are examples of scarce resources?, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://www.reference.com/science/examples-scarce-resources-6be4ade2d2cd2df9# Pirie, M, 2015, Economic Nonsense: The world is running out of scarce resources, viewed 20 Aug 2016, https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/economic-nonsense-8-the-world-is-running-out-of-scarce-resources-2 DEsposito, S, 2012, Scarcity of resources, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://reports.weforum.org/global-agenda-survey-2012/trends/scarcity-of-resources/ Nuwer, R, 2014, What is the worlds scarcest material?, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140314-the-worlds-scarcest-material Your Dictionary, Examples of Scarcity, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-scarcity.html Reig, P, Maddocks, A Gassert F,2013, Worlds 36 most water scarce countries, viewed 20 Aug. 16, https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/world%E2%80%99s-36-most-water-stressed-countries Mildner, S, Richter, S Lauster, G, 2011, Resource Scarcity: a global security threat?, viewed 20 August 2016, https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2011_RP02_lag_mdn_rsv_ks.pdf Barbier, E Homer Dixon, T, 2011, Resource Scarcity and Innovation, viewed 20 August 2016, https://www.homerdixon.com/wp-content/uploads/1999/03/Resource-Scarcity-and-Innovation-Can-Poor-Countries-Attain-Endogenous-Growth.pdf Drop4drop, 2014, Technological innovations in the fight against water scarcity, https://drop4drop.org/new-innovations-future-water/ UN.org, UNDESA, Water Scarcity, https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml IFAD, 2009, Fighting water scarcity, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/7f193193-023f-4ede-8e33-038aa1b53aa3 Britishgeographer, weebly.com, Food security and strategies to alleviate food shortage, https://thebritishgeographer.weebly.com/food-security-and-strategies-to-alleviate-food-shortage.html Appelgren, G, Management of water scarcity, https://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad456e/ad456e0a.htm Bloomberg.com, How resource scarcity constrains china?, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-07/how-resource-scarcity-constrains-china

Women In Shakespeare Writings Essays - The Taming Of The Shrew

Women In Shakespeare Writings Often in literature, parallels are used to accentuate certain things. William Shakespeare utilizes this tool in both The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream. In both of these comedic plays, there is a set of women who are at odds with each other. These relationships can be compared and contrasted in different aspects. In Shakespeare's, "The Taming of the Shrew" the relationship between the sisters Katherine and Bianca appears to be strained with rampant jealousy. Both daughters fight for the attentions of their father. In twisted parallel roles, they take turns being demure and hag-like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, fusses with potential suitors for young Bianca and will not let them come calling until his elder, ill-tempered daughter Katherine is married. The reader is to assume that meek, mild-mannered, delicate Bianca is wasting away while her much older, aging, brutish sister torments the family with her foul tongue. Katherine seems to hold resentment toward Bianca. Her father favors Bianca over Katherine and keeps them away from eachothers' torment. When gentlemen come calling, Bianca cowers behind her father and Katherine speaks up for herself. "I pray you sir, is it your will to make a stale of me amongst these mates?" (1.1.57-58) Bianca and Katherine dislike each other feverishly. Katherine torments Bianca with words and physical harm. She binds her hands, pulls her hair then brings her forth to her father and the gentlemen callers. Bianca denies liking any of the visitors and portrays herself an innocent that merely wants to learn and obey her elders. She says, "Sister, content you in my discontent to your pleasure humbly I subscribe. My books and instruments shall be my company, on them to look and practise by myself." (1.1.80-84) Because Katherine speaks freely and asserts herself she is labeled as "shrewish." When Hortensio describes her to Petruccio, he spouts that she is "renowned in Padua for her scolding tongue." ( 1.2.96) He gilds the lily further by explicitly telling of her fair fortune if suitable man comes courting and wins her hand in marriage. Petruccio sees dollar signs and rushes forth in grand dress and eloquent mannerisms to court the gracious "Kate." When he first begins his ritual of winning the family and Katherine to his love, he is seeking his fortune in her dowry. The mention of her being at all undesirable does not put rocks in his path. He speaks of "One rich enough to be Petruccio's wife, as wealth is burden of my wooing dance be she as foul as was Florentius' love, as old as Sibyl, and as curst and shrewd as Socrates' Xanthippe or a worse, she moves me not or not removes at least affection's edge in me, were she as rough as are the swelling Adriatic Seas." (1.2.65-71) Petruccio comes calling for the older sister, and Bianca in turn sneaks about with Lucentio who is dressed in scholars clothing. They pretend to be working on Latin and fool her father with disguises and books while romancing the entire time. Katherine is honest in her words and deeds. She does not wish to be teased or tormented and flees from Petruccio's twisted words. Kate and Bianca trade roles at this time and the dainty, controlled sister is Kate. The bolder, out-spoken Bianca woos her Lucentio in the courtyard of the Minola home. At the Sunday wedding gathering of Petruccio and Katherine, the groom grabs the reins of control and demands that he and his bride leave the festivities before they have begun. He offers Bianca and Lucentio the bedroom and party that they must leave behind. This symbolizes the transfer of attitude in the two sisters. Kate has to follow her new husband out of the home and leaves Bianca free roam over the wedding party. When the sisters are brought together again, it is at the wedding festivities of Bianca and Lucentio as well as the Widow and Hortensio. Katherine is called a "shrew" yet again by the Widow and Bianca flirts openly with Petruccio. The three new brides leave the dining table and make for the sitting room with the other women. The three men are left to discussion and after dinner music. Petruccio offers a wager against the thought that the wives in turn should come to their husbands when called. The Widow and Bianca are foul and refuse to come seeking their husbands and throw out the servant both times. When Katherine is called to come to her husband she does so with

Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Example

Medicinal Drug Addiction Essay Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion World Health Organization Geneva 1988 ISBN 92 4 154239X O World Health Oganbatian, 1988 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copytight protection in accordance wiVl t e provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal C o r n Convention. For rights of h reproduction or translation of W O publications, in part or in tom, application should H be made to the Gffice of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, S w i a n d .The World Heam Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and te presentation of the material in this publication do h not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of t e Secretariat of the h World Health Organization concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, cky or area or of its authorities, or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers productsdoes not imply that they are endor sed or recommendedby the World Health Organhation in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. Typeset and printed in Switzerland 88/7708-WHO/Gloor43WO Ethical criteria f6r medicinal drug promoW~ Resolution WHA41. 17 Introduction Objective Ethical criteria Applicability and implementation of criteriaPromotion Advertising Medical representatives Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes Free samples of nomprescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes Symposia and other scientific meetings Postmarketing scientific studies, surveillance and dissemination of information Packaging and labelling Information for patients: package inserts, leaflets and booklets Promotion of exported drugs Appendix: Sample drug information sheet Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Resolution WHA41. 7 adopted by the Forty-first Wo rld Health Assembly, 13 May 1988 Ethicalcriteriafor medicinal drugpromotion The Forty-first World Health Assembly, Recalling resolutions WHA21. 41 and WHA39. 27; Having considered the report of the Executive Board concerning the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion based on a draft prepared by an international group of experts; Convinced that observance of ethical criteria for medicinal l drug promotion by al parties concerned will contribute to a more rational use of drugs; 1. THANKS the international group of experts for its work; . ENDORSES the ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion that are annexed to this resolution, on the understanding that they constitute general principles that could be adapted by governments to countries circircumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, social, educational, scientific and technical situation, their national laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions, and the level of development of t heir health system, and that they do not constitute legal obligations; 3.URGES Member States: (1) to take account of these ethical criteria in developing their own appropriate measures to ensure that Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion medicinal drug promotion supports the aim of improving health care through the rational use of drugs; (2) to monitor and enforce, where appropriate, the implementation of the measures they have developed; 4. APPEALS to pharmaceutical manufacturers and distributors, the promotion industry, ealth personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs, universities and other teaching institutions, professional associations, patient and consumer groups, the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related publications), and the public: (1) to use these criteria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility; (2) to adopt measures based on th ese criteria as appropriate, and monitor and enforce their standards; 5.REQUESTS the Director-General: (1) to ensure the wide dissemination of these criteria in all official languages; (2) to follow the practice of these criteria and to report to the Executive Board from time to time as appropriate. Ethical criteria. for medicinal drug promotion Introduction 1. Following the WHO Conference of Experts on the Rational Use of Drugs held in Nairobi in November 1985, WHO prepared a revised drug strategy which was endorsed by the Thnty-ninth World Health Assembly in May 1986 in resolution WHA39. 27.This strategy includes, among other components, the establishment of ethical criteria for drug promotion based on the updating and extension of the ethical and scientific criteria established in 1968 by the Twenty-first World Health Assembly in resolution WHA21. 41. The criteria that follow have been prepared in compliance with the above on the basis of a draft elaborated by an international gr oup of experts. Objective 2. The main objective of ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion is to support and encouragethe improvement of health care through the rational use of medicinal drugs.Ethical criteria 3. The interpretation of what is ethical varies in different parts of the world and in different societies. The issue in all societies is what is proper behaviour. Ethical criteria Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion for drug promotion should lay the foundationfor proper behaviour concerning the promotion of medicinal drugs, consistent with the search for truthfulnessand righteousness. The criteria should thus assist in judging if promotional practices related to medicinal drugs are in keeping with acceptable ethical standards. Applicability and implementation of criteria . These criteria constitute general principles for ethical standards which could be adapted by governments to national circumstances as appropriate to their political, economic, cultural, soci al, educational, scientific and technical situation, laws and regulations, disease profile, therapeutic traditions and the level of development of their health system. They apply to prescription and nonprescription medicinal drugs (over-the-counter drugs). They also apply generally to traditional medicines as appropriate, and to any other product promoted l as a medicine.The criteria could be used by people in al walks of life; by governments; the pharmaceutical industry (manufacturers and distributors); the promotion industry (advertising agencies, market research organizations and the like); health personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs; universities and other teaching institutions; professional associations; patients and consumer groups; and the professional and general media (including publishers and editors of medical journals and related 4 -Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion publications). Al these are encouraged to use the cril teria as appropriate to their spheres of competence, activity and responsibility. They are also encouraged to take the criteria into account in developing their own sets of ethical standards in their own field relating to medicinal drug promotion. 5. The criteria do not constitute legal obligations; governments may adopt legislation or other measures based on , them as they deem fit. S ~ l yother groups may adopt l self-regulatory measures based on them.Al these bodies should monitor and enforce their standards. Promotion 6. In this context, promotion refers to all informational and persuasive activitiesby manufadurers and distributors, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs. Active promotion within a country should take place only with respect to drugs legally available in the country. Promotion should be in keeping with national health policies and in compliance with national regulations, as well as with voluntar y standards where they exist.All promotion-making claims concerning medicinal drugs should be reliable, accurate, truthfulI informative, balanced, up-to-date, capable of substantiationand in good taste. They should not contain misleading or unverifhble statements or omissions likely to induce medically Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion unjustifiable drug use or to give rise to undue risks. The word safe should only be used if properly qualified. Comparison of products should be factual, fair and capable of substantiation.Promotional material should not be designed so as to disguise its real nature. 8. Scientific data in the public domain should be made available to prescribers and any other person entitled to receive it, on request, as appropriate to their requirements. Promotion in the form of financial or material benefits should not be offered to or sought by health care practitioners to influence them in the prescription of drugs. 9. Scientific and educational activi ties should not be deliberately used for promotional purposes.Advertising (a) Advertisements in all forms to physicians and health-related professionals 10. The wording and illustrations in advertisements to physicians and related health professionals should be fully consistent with the approved scientific data sheet for the drug concerned or other source of information with similar content. The text should be fully legible. 11. Some countries require that advertisements should contain full product information, as defined by the 6 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion pproved scientific data sheet or similar document, for a given period from the date of first promotion or for the full product life. Advertisements that make a promotional claim should at least contain summary scientific information. 12. The following list, based on the sample drug information sheet contained in the second report of the WHO Expert Committee on the Use of Essential Drugs1and appended for ease of reference, can serve as an illustration of the type of information that such advertisements should usually contain, among others: he name($ of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name of the drug; the brand name; content of active ingredient(s) per dosage form or regimen; name of other ingredients known to cause problems; approved therapeutic uses; dosage form or regimen; side-effectsand major adverse drug reactions; precautions, contra-indications and warnings; major interactions; name and address of manufacturer or distributor; reference to scientific literature as appropriate. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722,1985,p. 43.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug pronotion 13. Where advertisements are permitted without claims (reminder advertisements),they ought to include at least the brand name, the international nonproprietary name or approved generic name, the name of each active ingredient, and the name an d address of the manufacturer or distributor for the purpose of receiving further information. (b) Advertisements in all forms to the general public 14. Advertisementsto the general public should help people to make rational decisions on the use of drugs determined to be legally available without a prescription.While they should take account of peoples legitimate desire for information regarding their health, they should not take undue advantage of peoples concern for their health. They should not generally be permitted for prescription drugs or to promote drugs for certain serious conditions that can be treated only by qualified health practitioners, for which certain countries have established lists. To fight drug addiction and dependency, scheduled narcotic and psychotropic drugs should not be advertised to the general public.While health education aimed at children is highly desirable, drug advertisements should not be directed at children. Advertisementsmay claim that a drug ca n cure, prevent, hs or relieve an ailment only if t i can be substantiated. They should also indicate, where applicable, appropriate limitations to the use of the drug. 15. When lay language is used,the information should be consistent with the approved scientific data sheet or 8 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion other legally determined scientific basis for approval. Language which brings about fear or distress should not be used. 6. The following list serves as an illustration of the type of information advertisements to the general public should contain, taking into account the media employed: the name(s) of the active [emailprotected](s) using either international nonproprietary names (INN) or the approved generic name o the drug; f the brand name; major indication(s) for use; major precautions, contra-indications and warnings; name and address of manufacturer or distributor. Information on price to the consumer should be accurately and honestly portrayed. Medical re presentatives 17.Medical representatives should have an appropriate educational background. They should be adequately trained. They should possess sufficient medical and technical knowledge and integrity to present information on products and carry out other promotional activities in an accurate and responsible manner. Employers are responsible for the basic and continuing training of their representatives. Such training should include instruction regarding appropriate ethical conduct taking Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion into consideration the WHO criteria.In this context, exposure of medical representatives and trainees to feedback from the medical and allied professions and from independent members of the public, particularly regarding risks, can be salutary. 18. Medical representatives should make available to prescribers and dispensers complete and unbiased information for each product discussed, such as an approved scientific data sheet or other source of inform ation with similar content. 19. Employers should be responsible for the statements and activities of their medical representatives.Medical r e p resentatives should not offer inducements to prescribers and dispensers. Prescribers and dispensers should not solicit such inducements. In order to avoid overpromotion, the main part of the remuneration of medical representatives should not be directly related to the volume of sales they generate. Free samples of prescription drugs for promotional purposes 20. Free samples of legally available prescription drugs may be provided in modest quantities to prescribers, generally on request. 10 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotionFree samples of mmpresdption chugs to the general puWi for promotional purposes 21. Countries vary in their practices regarding the provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public, some countries permitting it, some not. Also, a distinction has to be made between provision of free drug s by health agencies for the care of certain groups and the provision of free samples to the general public for promotional purposes. The provision of free samples of non-prescription drugs to the general public for promotional purposes is difficult to justdy from a health hs perspective.If ti practice is legally permitted in any country, it should be handled with great restraint. Symposia and other seientiic meetings 22. Symposia are useful for disseminating information. The objective scientific content of such meetings should be paramount, and presentations by independent scientists and health professionals are helpful to this end. Their educational value may be enhanced if they are organized by scientific or professional bodies. 23. The fad of sponsorship by a pharmaceutical manufacturer or distributor should be clearly stated in advance, at the meeting and in any proceedings.The latter should accurately reflect the presentations and discussions. Entertainment or other hospitalit y, and any #S offered Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion to members of the medical and allied professions, should be secondary to the main purpose of the meeting and should be kept to a modest level. 24. Any support to individual health practitioners to participate in any domestic or international symposia should not be conditional upon any obligation to promote any medicinal product. Post+nadcet~ng scientific studies, suweiC ance and dissemination of information 25. Post-marketing clinical trials for approved medicinal drugs are important to ensure their rational use. It is recommended that appropriate national health authorities be made aware of any such studies and that relevant scientific and ethical committees confirm the validity of the research. Intercountry and regional cooperation in such studies may be useful. Substantiated information on such studies should be reported to the appropriate national health authorities and disseminated as soon as possible. 26.Post- marketing scientific studies and surveillance should not be misused as a disguised form of promotion. 27. Substantiated information on hazards associated with medicinal drugs should be reported to the appropriate national health authority as a priority, and should be disseminated internationally as soon as possible. 12 Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Packaging and labelling 28. Appropriate information being important to ensure the rational use of drugs, all packaging and labelling material should provide information consistent with that approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority.Where one does not exist or is rudimentary, such material should provide information consistent with that approved by the drug regulatory authority of the country from which the drug is imported or other reliable sources of information with similar content. Any wording and illustration on the package and label should conform to the principles of ethical criteria enunciated in this docum ent. lrrfonnation for patients= package inserts, leaflets and booklets 29. Adequate information on the use of medicinal drugs should be made available to patients. Such information should be provided by physicians or pharmacists whenever possible.When package inserts or leaflets are required by governments, manufacturers or distributors should ensure that they refled only the information that has been approved by the countrys drug regulatory authority. If package inserts or leaflets are used for promotional purposes, they should comply with the ethical criteria enunciated i this document. The wording of the n package inserts or leaflets, if prepared specifically for patients, should be in lay language on condition that the medical and scientific content is properly reflected. Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion 30.In addition to approved package inserts and leaflets wherever available, the preparation and distribution of booklets and other informational material for patien ts and consumers should be encouraged as appropriate. Such material should also comply with the ethical criteria enunciated in this document. 31. Ethical criteria for the promotion of exported drugs should be identical with those relating to drugs for domestic use. It is desirable that exporting and importing countries that have not already done so should use the WHO Certification Scheme on the Quality of Pharmaceutical Products Moving in International Commerce.Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion Appendix Sample Drug Information Sheet1 Various types of information are needed by prescribem and consumers to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs. The following list is a sample that should be adjusted to meet the needs and abilities of the prescriber. (1) International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of each active substance. (2) Pharmacological data: a brief description o pharmacolf o i a effects and mechanism of action. gcl (3) Clinical information: (a) Indications: whenever appropriate, simple diagnostic criteria should be provided. b) Dosage regimen and relevant pharmacokinetic data: average and range for adults and children; dosing interval; average duration of treatment; special situations, e. g. , renal, hepatic, cardiac, or nutritional insufficiencies that require either ineased or reduced dosage. (c) Contra-indications. (d) Precautions and warnings (reference to pregnancy, lactation, etc. ). Reproduced from The use of essential dnrgs: s m n d report of the WHO fipert Committee on the Use of EssentialD ~ g (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 722, s %, P. 43). Ethical criteria f r medicinal drug promotion o e) Adverse effects (quanbfy by category, if possible). (f) Drug interadions (includeonly if clinically relevant; drugs used for self-medication should be included). (g) Overdosage: brief clinical description of symptoms; non-drug treatment and supportive therapy; specific antidotes. (4) Pharmaceutical information: (a) Dosage f o m . (b) Strength o f dosage form. (C) Excipients. (d) Storage conditions and shelf-life (expiry date). (e) Pack sizes. (f) Description of the product and package. (g) Legal category (narcotic or other controlled drug, prescription or non-prescription). (h) Name and address of manufacturerb) and importer(s).

Grahams Formula for Diffusion and Effusion

Graham's Formula for Diffusion and Effusion Grahams law expresses the relationship between the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas and the gass molar mass. Diffusion describes the spreading of a gas throughout a volume or a second gas, while effusion describes the movement of a gas through a tiny hole into an open chamber. In 1829, Scottish chemist Thomas Graham determined, through experimentation, that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas particle mass and to its density. In 1848, he showed that the rate of effusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas. Grahams law also shows that the kinetic energies of gases are equal at the same temperature. Grahams Law Formula Grahams law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas: r ∠ 1/(M) ½ or r(M) ½ constant ï » ¿where r rate of diffusion or effusion and M molar mass. Generally, this law is used to compare the difference in rates between between two different gases: Gas A and Gas B.  The law assumes that the temperature and pressure are the same for the  two gases.  When Grahams law is used for such a comparison, the formula is written: rGas A/rGas B (MGas B) ½/(MGas A) ½ Example Problems One way to apply Grahams law is to determine whether one gas will effuse more quickly or slowly than another and to quantify the difference in rate. For example, if you want to compare the rates of effusion of hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2), you use the molar masses of the gases (two for hydrogen and 32 for oxygen) and relate them inversely: rate H2/rate O2 321/2 / 21/2 161/2 / 11/2 4/1 The equation shows that hydrogen gas molecules effuse four times more quickly than oxygen molecules. Another type of Grahams law problem may ask you to find the molecular weight of a gas if you know the identity of one gas and the ratio between the rates of effusion of two different gases. This problem can be expressed as: M2 M1Rate12 / Rate22 A practical application of Grahams law is uranium enrichment. Natural uranium consists of a mixture of isotopes, each of which has a slightly different mass. In gaseous diffusion, uranium ore is made into uranium hexafluoride gas, which is repeatedly diffused through a porous substance. Each time, the material that passes through the pores becomes more concentrated in U-235 (the isotope used to generate nuclear energy). This is because the isotope diffuses at a faster rate than U-238, which is heavier.

3-page case study on recent developments of Napster and its industry Essay

3-page case study on recent developments of Napster and its industry - Essay Example After a takeover offer of $2.43 million by the Private Media Group, Napsters brand and logos were acquired at bankruptcy auction by the company Roxio, Inc in 2002 and the online service was called as pressplay in 2003. At present Napster, LLC (formerly Roxio, Inc.) is an online music provider offering a variety of purchase and subscription models. The new legal online music service let user’s access music through a subscription or on a fee-per-song basis. The Napster PC-based subscription service is currently available in the U.S., UK, Canada, Germany and Japan. There are two types of subscription service offering at present Napster To Go, The portable subscription tier, which offers music fans to unlimited transfer of music to their choice of compatible MP3 players, cell phones and PDAs in addition to unlimited streaming and PC downloading for $14.95 per month. Napster also offers Napster Light, pay-per-track (no monthly subscription fee) and Napster.com, a free advertising supported website that enables full-length versions of over 3 million tracks three times to stream/listen . It had also launched NapsterLinks, which links to all of the music in Napster catalog that can be embedded into WebPages, blogs or in emails for sharing anywhere on the web. Napster also offers a mobile music service called as Napster Mobile. This service enables mobile users to search and browse Napster’s music catalog and preview, purchase and play songs on their mobile handset through an integrated music player. June 27, 2006: The availability of Napster 3.7, an updated version of its PC application featuring PowerSync, which optimized the process of transferring subscription music content to compatible MP3 players. May 12, 2006: The launch of Napster.com as a free advertising supported website that enables full-length versions of over 3 million tracks three times to

Effective Business Communication Routines Essay

Effective Business Communication Routines - Essay Example In practice, communication is an unavoidable venture in running day-to-day business and, therefore, the way communication is to be done must be effective in disseminating the message. It is worth noting that communication is a process that involves delivery of messages from the sender to the recipient and back. In both ways, the message delivered should have qualities such as clarity, accuracy, brevity, preciseness, and sensitivity to needs and emotions of the recipients. (Belch &Belch, 1993). Stacks and Salwen (2008) stated that efficient communication is subject to regulation by specific moral values. Business ethics control a companies’ course of action as per the accepted moral standards and principles. Ethics are applicable to the way a company relates to the customer and the society as a whole. Stacks and Salwen (2008) further, added that ethics in business language refers to the practical use of regulations, values, and set standards of discipline related to a business setup. Ethics act as a guide to business behavior and order that propels the business in the right direction. This order controls preparation of documents and fosters good relationship between employees and clients. This relationship is fostered when communication is done effectively and positively leaving no chances to arrogance in routine messages and replies (Stacks & Salwen, 2008). In order to prepare an effective business communication message, there is a need to apply the three-step process of writing routine positive messages and replies. Body Nearly all communication activities performed by officers in a business firm can be viewed in two perspectives: Firstly, all communications dealing with real work for instance contacting business clients. Secondly, communication actions dealing with internal issues for example communicating across departments or management. Internal communication is divided into two parts: Important communication, whereby a new message with an attached value is passed for instance an answer or resolution to a puzzling problem, talks, team consultations, and planning. The other part of internal communication is routine which includes; submitting reports and assignments to relevant departments and authorities, sharing experiences in the face of a problem or a challenge just to mention a few. This paper focuses on Routine Replies and Positive Messages a sub section of internal communication (Guffey & Almonte, 2008). The letter below is an example of a complain letter to the accounts department in a business firm whose services were not satisfactory. It follows the three-step progression of writing routine positive messages (Bovee & Thill, 2008). The tone is professional, expects a fair adjustment and all correspondents has been documented. It comprises of three parts delivering the message, which are; Problem statement in the first paragraph, Details of the letter, and explanation of the problem in the second paragraph and action or solution expected in the third paragraph. Managing director, Print Point Company, 8452 Green valley. February 1, 2012. To: The chief accountant, Accounts department, Dear Sir, RE: DEPARTMENTAL COMPLAINTS As someone who has worked with this firm for a long time, the board was very dissatisfied with the quality of work done by your department in the last financial year. We expected you to

Economic analysis construction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic analysis construction - Assignment Example Realizing that this increase in the available financial resources is not a sustainable growth strategy in the long-term, the UAE government has made several public commitments to reform its regulatory environment, strengthen the country’s macroeconomic foundations, sustain the rapid growth in the non-oil sector, and invest in human capital (World Economic Forum, 2). On the macro-economic level, economic recovery after the recent financial crisis is on a sustained track. UAE’s economic recovery has continued to gather momentum in the recent past, driven by sturdy expansion in trade, tourism, manufacturing and transport. Additionally, the construction and real estate sectors have also bounced back from the slump experienced during the recession. On the back of a notable rebound of consumer confidence, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in 2013 stood at 4.0%, following a 4.4% growth in 2012, according to the estimates provided by the International Monetary Fund (Bank Audi, 1). The GDP growth and the rebound in consumer confidence is a good development within the market the construction company intends to penetrate. This is because it will create opportunities that will drive demand in the construction sector for commercial and residential real estate. The Abu Dhabi Government committed to finance an additional AED 330 billion in early 2013 for major developments over the coming five years. The government’s commitment focuses on social development, specifically in the education, healthcare, housing, and selective strategic transport projects (Kerr, Ryburn, McLaren, & OrDentons 1). The UAE’s real estate sector continues to be characterized by unique patterns in two major cities. While Abu Dhabi’s market remains subdued, Dubai’s market has been experiencing renewed development activities, an increase in prices, and growing concerns about a bubble comeback

Impact of Poverty on Personality Development

Impact of Poverty on Personality Development Does Poverty affect personality development from early childhood into adolescence? Eric Fromm said that Mans main task in life is to give birth to himself, to become what he potentially is. The most important product of his effort is his own personality (Fromm, 1947, p.237).Fromm believes that an individuals purpose in life to is to come fully into themselves so that they may be able to exceed their own expectations. Fully coming into oneself comes from growing into ones personality. Personality is the combination of behaviors, emotions and thought patterns that define an individual or make up their character. Over the course of our lives we go through many changes. Changes that makes us stand taller or our voices grow deeper. Changes that happen on the inside and on the outside. Throughout the course of our lives our behaviors change and develop into habits that shape our very personalities that can lead us into success or prove to be a seemingly permanent obstacle on the path to success. These behaviors either change for the good or bad carry over into our older years as our personalities change. Our personalities dictate who we connect with and get along with, they are central to the way we go through and experience through the world in many different experiences. There is no singular personality that ensures success for anyone but what if the environment influences or fosters a certain type of personality? Can someone truly be a product of their upbringing and environment? In this case, we will be viewing poverty as a type of environment in which individuals live and grow within. Poverty is a long-standing injustice and social issue that restricts specific resources and opportunities for those who are affected by it (Utsey Constantine, 2008). Across many studies there are many varying definitions of poverty. But how does poverty exactly affect personality development? Specifically the personality development from childhood into adolescence. The definition of poverty in this paper will be defined as condition or way of life where peoples basic needs arent being met. Those needs being food and shelter. Poverty is operationally defined across many studies and experiments and sometimes grouped differently. Each study looks at a specific factor that comes directly into play with poverty. Establishing differences in the level of poverty is important in terms of noting how much exposure the developing individual has had to poverty or a lack general lack of resources because in some cases the longer the exposure the more of an effect it has on someone. An example would be impoverished neighborhoods split into three groups where high poverty rates being between 30-40%, moderate poverty with the rates between 20-30% and low poverty rates being 20% (Leventhal Brooks 2011). In some cases, there can be brief periods of poverty because sometimes individuals manage to get out of an impoverished area. There is sometimes a period where there is a flux between persistently being impoverished and being recently impoverished (Leventhal Brooks 2011). Experience of poverty can be into terms such as persistent poverty and transitional or intermittent poverty (Ackerman, Brown Izard 2004). Persistent poverty is related to lower quality home environment that lasts or persists that later is connected to problem behaviors. Neighborhood poverty is defined as neighborhood hardship that is caused by a lack of economic, social and familial resources (Harden, Copeland-Linder Nation 2011). Two different definitions of poverty are identified: the first says that poverty and the behaviors of the poor are explained by their occupation, socioeconomic status and their level of income. The second explains poverty by talking features of persons personality that can connect with a culture of poverty in society from (Sailing Harvey 1981). So, if there is a culture of poverty and disadvantage what does that mean for the youth or the future? Will the cycle be continued or can they possibly find a way to get out of it? There have been studies conducted on how youth and adolescents in poorer areas are academically affected by being surrounded or growing up in poverty (Anderson, Leventhal Dupà ©rà © 2014) and about how neighborhood affluence and poverty can affect achievement and behavior. They wanted to find out how poverty affects academics and behavior. Does poverty affect academics and behavior in negative or positive ways? Does their behavior indicate a risk factor in their personality? When it comes down to these children that go from early childhood into adolescence who have bad relations with the law and substandard test scores tend to have higher externalized behaviors that get them into trouble. Is this truly their faults? Are their potentials met or are they held back by the environment that they are surrounded by? Poverty is something that holds back many promising individuals that have potential to do so many amazing things. This is an important topic because the thing that many people fail to realize is that individuals from these impoverished areas that are considered high risk are only that because of what they are surrounded by. It is an important topic to speak on and to bring up because it brings attention to a marginalized group of people that are mostly overlooked and not heard about. Well-being is challenged and constantly put under duress due to the pressures and anxieties of being impoverished. So, how does poverty affect personality development from childhood into adolescence? What Poverty effects The claim that I am making is that poverty first and foremost affects opportunities within the communities that it is prevalent and present in. Opportunities can be defined as chances or a set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something. Opportunity comes with levels of educational attainment, employment and quality of resources. Levels of attainment can increase levels of affluence in the area. Resources could be food, water, shelter, clothes or several things that can contribute to the standard of living being higher. They are chances for an individual to exceed their own expectations and attain a goal that they previously hadnt thought they could attain. Depending on the area in which an individual is surrounded by opportunity can either be given or not be not given. The level of affluence in a neighborhood implies an accessibility to certain resources that can improve the quality of life and can make life easier for families and children in that area. Affluence within neighborhoods can be broken down into adults or parents within a neighborhood that have B.A. degrees and those who were currently employed in managerial or professional occupations (Anderson, Leventhal Dupà ©rà © 2014). Access to quality resources is maintained through a consistent salary so when they run low they are able to replenish them with no problem. They are also able to maintain the possessions that they already have. Within maintaining the possessions and a certain quality of life along with experiencing the stability that can come with affluence a sense of self-worth is fostered. Self-worth can be fostered through competency in daily tasks or within the academia. For those who happen to not be in a stable and plentiful environment academic achievement can be seen as the opportunity that can grant some a beginning foundation or a means to aspire to move away or out of poverty. One of the main things that can certainly help alleviate the instability of poverty is educational attainment that can lead to so many opportunities for gainful employment. Affluence and poverty correlated with participants outcomes achievement in regards to Math and Reading scores affluence of the neighborhood corre lated with higher achievement (Anderson, Leventhal Dupà ©rà ©, 2014). Although in some cases there can be periods of poverty because sometimes some individuals manage to get out of an impoverished area (Damian et al., 2014).. Over time family needs increased so family wealth increased. But, neighborhood poverty indicators declined from early childhood to middle childhood and early adolescence. If participants in this study moved from an impoverished area into a better one, they tended to move during early or middle childhood, not so much during adolescence (Anderson and Leventhal Dupà ©rà ©, 2014). Affluence and poverty in this study correlated with participants outcomes achievement and with behavioral problems. In regards to Math and Reading scores affluence of the neighborhood correlated with higher achievement and the internalizing/externalizing behavior hypothesized models had no support as well. Children who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more likely than those in affluent ones to undergo a negative personality change which can create a stigma (Hart, Atkins Matsuba, 2008). There is sometimes a period where there is a flux between persistently being impoverished and being recently impoverished. So, there are different kinds of poverty levels in this study, one that is consistent and persistent while the other is transitional because sometimes people can get out of poverty (Eamon, 2000). Lower-quality environments, strained relations between the family or mother, and low stimulation quickly impact recent povertys effect on internalizing behaviors. Lower quality environments refer to the state of the home itself, so if it is clean, safe and uncluttered the environment is of higher quality. Strained relations mean the ways that the parent interacts with their child or other family members after recently becoming impoverished. Stimulation comes in with social interactions with people outside of the family. Recent poverty means that the family had not previously been in poverty but due to a circumstance they have fallen into poverty. So, it is the Persistent poverty that seems to have in regards to have the longest lasting impact behavior in developing children (Eamon, 2000). I think that children are aware of when there is a lack of something or when they dont have access to some of the things that they want or some of the things that they see other people with. They are quick to acknowledge the lack of what they want and even more quick when asking for the object or thing that they want. Sometimes the line between what one needs to have and what one wants to have is very blurred especially when the things that are essentially needed care out of reach. Individuals from disadvantaged or impoverished areas experience unpredictable childhoods tend to feel as if they themselves have no actual control. Poverty happens for a varying amount of reasons that most of the time boil down to not being the individuals fault or out of the individuals control. For example, a family or an individual could fall below the poverty line because of job loss, loss of finances, unemployment and income level that changes their socioeconomic status. Poverty affects Behavior Poverty affects behavior in negative or positive ways. Poverty creates a complex and demanding environment that are mostly not conducive to development. Individuals are put under a lot of stress, duress and pressure when growing up in an impoverished environment. Behavior is how an individual acts towards others. Within this limited and high stress environment many frustrations arise. Being in poverty or living in poverty can make a person feel hopeless and out of control (Mittal Griskevicius, 2014). When people feel a lack of control they try to find other things that they can exercise effective control over. In trying to exert control or find control in smaller situations they can become reckless and risky in their judgement. To adapt to this environment of poverty certain behaviors are expressed and these behaviors form into habits. Habits that arent always good are formed to find ways to get by or adapt with the environment. Some of the harmful ways frustrations by being in an i mpoverished environment can manifest themselves is through maladaptive and unsavory behaviors; for example yelling or fighting or refusal to comply with requests (Castellanos-Ryan et al.,2013). For example, aggressive behaviors like physical damage that can cause hurt or harm to an individual themselves or someone else. These horrible and sometimes aggressive or violent tendencies that are seen or portrayed dont necessarily mean that that is what the adolescent or individual truly is or how they truly are. Maybe the reason the individuals are acting in such a way is that they themselves do not know how to process their own emotions or feelings. So, instead of trying they resort to lashing out either at themselves or others. Does behavior indicate a specific personality or personality traits? Some negative ways that behaviors can be expressed are known as internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Across the studies that use the terms externalizing and internalizing the definitions are quite similar. Externalizing behaviors as problem behaviors that are expressed externally (Castellanos-Ryan et al.,2013). Aggressive behaviors like yelling, screaming or fighting can be seen as externalizing behaviors.Internalizing behaviors as negative behaviors that are expressed inwardly (Leventhal, Brooks Gunn , 2011). So, these behaviors are inflicted upon the self. Anxiety and depression are two forms of the behavior that are frequently experienced. Stress can cause a number of emotional and behavioral problems. Poor children were rated and found to have more externalizing problems in comparison to those who werent poor. Tying back into the availability of specific resources for the need and the enjoyment of the individual. If there are not enough financial resources to help support the lives of the individual some strain and stressors may arise. These strains can be felt in different ways and some of them may even be acted out in harmful or destructive ways that add more tensions and frustration into the very situation itself. There is also a correlation between family income and behavior issues, it was discovered that family income was related to externalizing problems. Children had fewer problems when their familys income was higher than children whose familys income was low. The children that had been severely impoverished had more outward problems as opposed to those children who never had experienced of were even in poverty themselves (Dearing, McCartney and Taylor, 2006). The longer the exposure to poverty the more likely children are to experience sadness, anxiety, and dependency or other forms of problems. The behavior, the externalizing and internalizing problems begin in childhood when exposed to poverty and then carry on into adolescence when poverty is persistent and consistent through development which lead to other areas like academic achievement and opportunity along with personality disorders or anger issues (Ackerman, Brown Izard, 2004). The longitudinal study looked at the connection between the amount of family income and the rate of poverty over a 6 year period through the use of assessments or questionnaires given out to the children and to their parents or caregivers and went from when the child was in preschool to 5 years of age. They found that as the years went by the children were very likely to experience sadness, anxiety and dependency (Ackerman, Brown Izard, 2004). When breaking up neighborhoods their levels of poverty the main thing to remember is that there is a relationship between the level of poverty itself and the prevalence of specific behaviors. My claim is that levels in poverty itself also play a role in the mediating or eliciting specific behaviors. So in a high poverty neighborhood the presence of decreasing poverty would help alleviate problem behaviors meanwhile in a moderate poverty neighborhood the presence of increasing poverty would be the source of youth problem behaviors (Leventhal, Brooks Gunn, J., 2011). There seems to be a trend in the behavioral development of boys, young children and toddlers when in poverty or in an at-risk area that they tend to have more externalizing behavior issues (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). Low-income families are at higher risk for family and social stressors, for example job loss, poor quality child care, inadequate supervision, unaddressed medical issues, maternal mental health issues, and unsafe neighborhoods, which in turn, negatively impact parenting practices that have been found to be related to the development and exacerbation of behavior problems in children (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). An extension on the aforementioned definition of externalizing behaviors can be called challenging behaviors. These challenging behaviors can include throwing temper tantrums, destroying property, refusing to listen, noncompliance and elevated levels of aggression (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). This study implemented the use of Early Childhood behavior screenings to be able to track the exact time or time frame of when the problem behaviors arose in the toddlers that were being used as subjects. The Early Childhood Behavior Screen is a 20 item questionnaire that was made for the toddlers and preschool kids. The questions within the questionnaire were made to measure the positive behaviors and challenging behaviors. The ECBS were measured by the frequency or the prevalence of challenging behaviors then the complete score was between 10 and 30. There were gender differences found for the challenging behaviors items, for example on items like throws things at others and kicks othersthe boys had higher percentages respectively with the first item mentioned being at 60% for boys and 43% for girls and for the second 25% for girls and 40% for boys (Holtz, Fox Meurer, 2014). My claim is that not only behavior but other facets that can be acted upon or increased due long exposure to poverty are poor impulse control, bad decision making including risky behaviors. Risky behaviors can be having unprotected sex, having multiple partners or doing drugs. Bad decision making can be tied to criminal or delinquent behaviors like theft or robbery (Griskevicius et al, 2013). Long time exposure to harshness and unpredictability were the markers that were used in Griskevicius et al. (2013) to track the rise of risky behaviors from before birth and well into adolescence. Unpredictability was operationally defined through the changes in mothers employment status, residence and living arrangements; harshness was assessed by socioeconomic status (Griskevicius et al., 2013). Changes in employment status means a change to salary and could lead to poverty. In the study they measured five different outcomes over the span the ages between 6 and 16 then age 23; the first two co mponents deal with sexual history and the other three deal with deviant behaviors and they were aggression, delinquency and ties to criminal activity (Griskevicius et al., 2013). Results showed that the male participants had many more sexual partners and participated in more delinquent behaviors than that of the female participants. It was also found that unpredictability in the early stages of childhood correlated with the amount of sexual partners later on in life, levels of aggression and criminal behaviors (Griskevicius et al., 2013). So instability throughout early years of childhood are indicators of a possible risky personality forming later on in life which was measured when the participants answered questionnaires when they turned 23. Instability and unpredictability can also be a good indicator for aggression and delinquent behaviors that can continue well on into adulthood and have a major effect on the many things that can potentially happen in someones life. So what can actually be done to help alleviate the problem of the instability, unpredictability and harshness of poverty so that children dont grow up and become products of their own environ ments? The outlook after this looks a bit bleak and not so hopeful. Although it does seem hopeless in many ways and that only negative things come from growing up impoverished like externalizing and internalizing behaviors, lack of availability to resources and a higher chance of being unstable and not having good sense of well-being there are some positive behaviors that can come out of growing up within an impoverished community or area. This is not to say that there should not be any efforts to relieve and help close the gaps that let people fall into poverty and stay there. Coping, adaptability and resilience are all positive behaviors that can come from growing up in adversity. Impoverished children grow up learning how to cope which helps them learn how to better manage and deal with stress and stressors that can arise from the unpredictability of life (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Within the poverty environment stress plays another role in development. Poverty related stress has been shown to have a strong correlation with the development of anxiety and depression but the way in which an individual responds or reacts to the stresses or stressors is called coping. But there are different kinds of coping that work for each individual separately, everyone has their own strategy that helps them deal with their own kinds and varying amounts of stress; the two types of coping are referred to as primary control coping and secondary control coping (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). So, primary control coping consists of strategies that have more of a direct approach to dealing with ones own feelings and this includes problem solving, emotional expression and emotional regulation while secondary control coping consists of trying to adapt ones self to differing environments, like for example stressful environments or events, and this this includes acceptance, changing ones outlook, distraction and positive thinking (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Both types of coping can be seen as beneficial in comparison to disengagement coping, which is coping that is unhealthy and includes avoidance, denial and wishful thinking; all of which do not exactly interact with the problem or deal with the emotional side to arising stressors (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Coping is only really helpful when it is effective towards the type of stress it is up against. It has also been suggested that coping interacts with both internalizing and externalizing behaviors by changing the degree at w hich they affect the person. But is something like coping with poverty based stressors and stresses going to happen when an individual is an environment that doesnt have that many poverty related issues or challenges? Is the effectiveness of coping dependent on the interaction with the poverty linked stressors? During an 8 month period poverty based stressors, responses those stressors and the behaviors that arose in response to those stressors were observed in Wadsworth Berger (2006). The responses were collected by the responses to stress and youth self report questionnaires. The RSQ has 16 factors while the YSR had 112 factors. Their findings indicated that the level of stress elicits a certain stress reactivity to it that is correlated with coping itself. My other claim is that individuals, namely, adolescents who either grew up in unpredictable and impoverished areas to tend to be flexible and can adapt to new situations with more ease since they have had to adapt and be more flexible due to their upbringing (Mittal et al, 2015). As seen before, with different levels of stress and stressors comes different approaches to coping with the arising stress. They believed that the influence of high stressful environments and they went about proving that by doing two experiments. The first one has two deal with inhibitions and shifting. The following experiments served as replications of the first. Inhibition is the deliberate overriding of dominant responses and Shifting can also be called task switching, it involves flexibly changing between different tasks (Mittal et al., 2015). Participants gave information about their backgrounds and then were either sorted into groups that had inhibition tasks or shifting tasks amongst different enviro nments. They found that people who had remembered having unpredictable childhoods did better on the shifting tasks and worse on the inhibition tasks (Mittal et al., 2015). So the very the environment of unpredictability requires an individual to be quite flexible and adaptable. This trait can carry well on into adulthood and serve the individual well in the long run. Poverty and Personality Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individuals unique and distinctive character. There are many facets and parts that compile it and they are called traits. Personality is one of the things that keeps growing, evolving and changing throughout the rest of our lives. It takes some time for people to develop their own distinctive personality because it can be influenced by so many outside factors like their environments, parents, friends, family or a plethora of reasons. It takes time for people to truly come into themselves and to come into their own personalities. Individuals go through many stages in their lives. The first formations of personality come from the behaviors that are learned and acted out from the earlier stages of development and then carried on into the later stages. Repeated behaviors can in turn become habits (Salling Harvey, 1981). And habits become harder and harder to break as time goes on. If personality is negatively affected by poverty then that could lead to the of a risky personality and predict negative behaviors that can extend well beyond adolescence and have effects on adulthood behaviors and interaction between people (Hart, Atkins, Matsuba , 2008). As exemplified by the aforementioned studies poverty has a significant role in the increase and prevalence of negative behaviors of both kinds being externalizing and internalizing. Sometimes these behaviors dont arise in opposition to the environment but to cope with the demand and stresses of the environment itself (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Sometimes the ways in which individuals decide to cope happen to be the wrong ways, instead of trying to work with the problems presented within the challenging and demanding environment, they shut down or completely disengage from the environment or try to detach themselves from the problem (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Poverty related stressors can take tolls on groups and families with tension rising between them. When there is tension due to poverty related stressors it can cause chaos and issues within the household itself and this can strain the social climate of the home and can be an indicator of childrens ability to recognize and properly process their own negative emotions (Raver, Blair, Garrett-Peters, 2015), It was found that the higher the amount of exposure to conflicts and tension within the home the harder or more difficult it was for children from that home to be able to process and understand negative emotions when faced with them. These negative behaviors become habit and then these habits are carried into adulthood that turn into risky behaviors that can create a risky personality. Conversely, if personality is positively affected by personality it can lead to better overall well-being, mental health and in self-worth and self-esteem (Eamon, M.K, 2000). From the research presented before I claim that some of the positive behaviors that can come from growing up in an unpredictable, unstable and impoverished environment can be successful and healthy coping, adaptability and flexibility in difficult and uncertain situations. So not only do individuals who grow up in poverty cope well, they cope the right way. As mentioned before there are two types of coping that can be seen as the healthy way to cope although coping is different for everyone; primary control coping is the more direct approach to dealing with ones own feelings and secondary control coping is consists of trying to adapt ones self to differing environments (Wadsworth Berger, 2006). Although those are two different ways in which an individual can cope they both give time for the person to actually process what they are feeling and interact with the stressor or the problem in their own ways. I think that through these processes of coping understanding how to handle negative emotions is learned. It is through learning how to handle negative emotions that can arise with stress and strain from stressors that negative behaviors can be diminished. Conclusion Poverty does indeed change and affect personality in many ways even if the individual can move from a place with high levels of poverty. The lack of resources leaves individuals brought up in poverty at a deficit in some areas that carry on into adulthood and it is very unlikely that deficit can be closed. It can increase the prevalence of outwardly aggressive and violent actions which can only lead to negative outcomes for the future. But there are also some positives that come from this restricted lifestyle, like the ability to cope and the ability to be flexible. Although it is difficult to say that poverty can be eradicated so that everyone has the same equal and equitable opportunities it is still a worthy course of action so that everyone can meet their full potential.

Congugal Cacaphony in Anita Desai’s Novels

CONGUGAL CACAPHONY IN ANITA DESAI’S NOVELS Suneeta Upadhyay, Research Scholar M. M. H. college, Ghaziabad, C. C. S. University, Meerut Indian novelist and short story writer, Anita Desai is specially noted for her insightful depiction of the inner life of the female characters in her writings. In most of her novels Anita Desai dwells on the themes incongruity, incertitude and hazards of human relationship particularly the man-woman relationship. D. H. Lawrence points out: The great relationship for humanity will always be the relationship between man and woman.The relation between man and man, woman and woman, parent and child will always be subsidiary. Desai in her portrayal of man-women relationship mostly broods over the predicament of modern women particularly in male-chauvinistic society and her destruction at the alter of marriage. According to Anita Desai most marriages are proved to be unions of incompatibly. Though she does not negate the futility of institution of ma rriage but depict the psychic state of her protagonist at some critical juncture of life.She has presented conjugal cacophony in Indian male dominated traditional families. In India where women have resigned role, which does not allow any room for individualism, identity and assertion, Anita Desai talks of women who question the age old traditions and want to seek individual growth. They try to discover and rediscover meaningfulness in life through the known and establish. Thus, Desai dramatises the clash between two irreconcilable temperaments (man-woman) who does not find a proper channel of communication.She writes mostly about the miserable plight of women suffering under their insensitive and inconsiderate husbands, fathers and brothers. So man-woman relationship brings characters into alienation, withdrawal, loneliness, isolation and lack of communication that frequently occurs in her novels. Most of her novel’s protagonists are alienated from the world, from society, f rom families, from parents and even from their own selves because they are not average people but individuals. When these characters have to face alienation, they becomerebels.Anxiety,uncertainties, misery gloominess, disenchantment fretfulness and fright become their lot and they lose their sense of sanity and mental poise, for example Maya in Cry, the Peacock, Sita in where shall we go this summer? And Nanda Kaul in Fire on the Mountain. Some characters like Monisha and Nanda Kaul are unable to reconcile to alienation and meet with a tragic end. The novel Cry, the Peacock, is mainly concerned with the theme of marital discord between husband, Gautama, and wife, Maya.In this novel dreamy, sensitive and emotional, Maya cries for love and understanding in her loveless marriage with realistic, insensitive and rational Gautama. The matrimonial bonds that bind the two are very fragile and tenuous; the growing tension between them reaches its culmination when Maya in frenzy murders Gauta ma and then commitssuicide. In Voices in the City, Anita Desai also deals with the incompatible marriage of Monisha and Jiban. Like Maya she is also miserable misfit among her in-laws.Monisha’s husband is the prisoner of conservative customs and considers that a woman’s most important roles besides child bearing are of family household under the authority of a stern mother-in-law. Monisha feels that her privacy is denied to her. Monisha’s ill matched marriage, lack of intimacy with her husband, infertility and stress of living in a combined family push her to commit suicide. In Where Shall We Go This Summer? Anita Desai highlights how different attitudes, individual complexes and fears add to estrangement between the husband and the wife resulting in conjugal disharmony.Raman and Sita have irreconcilable temperaments and attitudes to life and confronted with the same problem of husband-wife discord. Sita affirms, â€Å"they are nothing-nothing but appetite and sex. Only food, sex and money matters. † Sita shudders the idea of giving birth to a fifth child in aworldnot fit to obtain it. Against all sane advices she goes to the magical world so that she could prevent the biological process of delivery. Nand kaul in Fire on the Mountain, a great grandmother, totally disillusioned with all marital bonds.Her husband was the Vice-Chancellor of Punjab University but treated her simply as some useful object in house. He carried on a life long affair with another woman. He is such a coward that he could not marry a Christian lady because he could not dare break social conventions. Nanda could not belong to the family and her position is no better than a house keeper. Outwardly, the Kaul’s are an ideal couple for university community but from inside their relationship is all-barren. After Maya, Monisha and Nanda Kaul there comes a change in the concept of matrimony for Desai’s heroine.Sarah, Bim, Sarla, Leila, Lotte, Aruna and U ma. They face their problem unflinchingly. They too have their poignant predicament, mental and spiritual incongruity, supremacy of male community, suffering at the hand of their in-laws, conjugal cacophony etc. still they struggle and compromise in their wedded life and survive. They believe there is no other way out and inspite of adverse conditions, life is worth to be lived. In Clear Light of Day rather we get a fresh addition in the treatment of man-woman relationship at the hand of novelist.Desai does not write about the strain and incoherence between husband and wife but brother and sister. The chief protagonist Bim is left alone after her parents’ death to take care of her aged, alcoholic aunt, younger brother Raja and her mentally retarded brother Baba. It is these burdens and responsibilities that shatter her marital bliss and destroy her conjugal identity. Utterly neglected and treacherously deserted, Bim muses painfully on how the passage of time has ravaged the o ld relationships of childhood and created a changed pattern of relationship in the family.Marriage to Bakul affords Tara a means of escape. For Raja Marriage is means to become rich and fat by marrying the one time landlord’s only daughter. In Custody, delineates the theme of marital friction and relationship problem. In this novel, Deven an improvished college lecturer lead an unhappy married life with a gloomy and tedious wife Sarla. has no interest in literature. She is ignorant about Devan’s interest and concludes her husband’s frequent visits to Delhi for meeting his girl friend. Both of them are frustrated in their own ways but they are unable to do anything for each other.Bye-Bye Blackbird mirrors marital confrontation of Adit and Sarah. Sarah’s inter-culture marriage fails to offer her anything striking and extraordinary. Sarah is peculiarly drifting apart within and try to find her ‘self’ that is lost after her marriage with an India n immigrant. Her life becomes perfunctory keeping an emotional aloofness from anyone and anything. Anita Desai’s Fasting Feasting represents that repression of woman in India directly or indirectly connected with worn out customs. For Anamika’s parents marriage is seen as the only career for women.How bride becomes a prisoner in joint family by arranging marriages too hastily which further proved disastrous. The beautiful and talented anamika is regularly beaten by inlaws and finally was slaughtered at the alter of marriage. To conclude, Anita Desai presents to reader her opinion about complexity of human relationships as a big contemporary problem and human condition. So, she analyses this problem due to shows changing human relationships in her novels. She is a contemporary writer because she considers new themes and knows how should to deal with them.Anita Desai takes up significant contemporary issues as the subject matter of her fiction while remaining rooted in t he tradition at the same time. She explores the anguish of individuals living in modern society. Desai deals with complexity of human relationships as one of her major theme, which is a universal issue, as it attracts worldwide readers to her novels. She strives to show this problem without any interferes. In other hand, she allows to her readers who have their judgment about her novel’s characters and their actions. ======== References

Is action more important than knowledge Essay

Pablo Picasso once said that, â€Å"Action is the foundational key to all success†. In some ways I must agree with Picasso. To succeed in something of importance and value you must take action and not idle away as action speaks louder than words. Though knowledge is important because in some aspects as you cannot be illiterate about your cause if you wish to succeed. Knowledge is a key aspect of human beings. In order to advance in our society you must gain knowledge. Therefore to take action you must have a basis of information in order to be successful. You should not act in haste or proudness but rather develop your ‘pool of information’ and make an informed decision to acquire your desired results, â€Å"ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven†. Some may say that taking action is more important than acquiring knowledge. They may say that people may spend too much precious time on gaining knowledge and miss there time of action. ‘History does not remember those who were knowledgeable but rather those who took action in a steadfast manner.’ Though I must disagree. History are full of those who carelessly and in alacrity took an ill-informed decision that was destructive on humanity. For example in when Lenin, the first leader of communist Russia died, his testament was not read out in public. This testament would have kicked Stalin out of the Communist Party and therefore would have stopped the mass murder that happened due to Stalin’s orders under his reign. Due to the ill-thought Trotsky and other high members of the Bolsheviks, the decision was to not read out the testament in public. This enabled Stalin to take power and soon Stalin became a despotic leader of the communist parties and created a terror in Soviet Russia as well as the rest of the world. Therefore I believe knowledge is of key importance. This is due to the timeless evidence of how acquiring knowledge is more important than taking knowledge, like the testament of Lenin and this story; There once was a man named Pars. He was thought to be slow as before making every decision he would sit and ponder about the connotations and effects this decision would have on him and his fellow classmates.